Lake Restoration Handbook
-15%
portes grátis
Lake Restoration Handbook
A New Zealand Perspective
; ; ;
Springer International Publishing AG
02/2019
599
Dura
Inglês
9783319930428
15 a 20 dias
Descrição não disponível.
Lake Restoration Handbook: A New Zealand Perspective Editors David Hamilton Kevin Collier Clive Howard-Williams John Quinn Preface Bill Vant - changes since the Lake Manager's Handbook A. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: Context for restoration - David Hamilton, John Quinn, Clive Howard-Williams, Kevin Collier Handling editor: Kevin Collier Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introductory comments * Defining what we mean by restoration, values * Managing for multiple uses (and lakes vs reservoirs) * Context: 1987 LMH and what has changed since? Need for restoration. * Who carries out restoration? Who funds restoration? * What is the enabling environment? Include models of governance (e.g. co-governance) * Brief introduction to the policy and regulatory environment (and end with something specific to NZ - MfE, RCs, DCs, NGOs) International perspectives * Major issues globally (blooms, weeds, hydrology/storage and climate change, invasives, legacy nutrients) * Examples of international policies, e.g. WFD, TMDL * Approaches taken (align with issues), include catchment vs in-lake * Monitoring approaches to measure success * Involving citizens Introduction to chapters * Issues (eutrophication, invasives, multiple uses and objectives, policy and regulatory environment); use of models as decision support tools; dealing with the catchment (long-term essential approach); specific in-lake approaches. Sum up * Set the scene for the concluding chapter of the book. Proposed international feature box contributors: * 1.1 Brian Moss - The philosophy of restoration * Justin Brooks - An Australian perspective: policies and practices enabling lake restoration B.< MANAGEMENT AND MODELLING Chapter 2: Modelling for catchment management - Aroon Parshotam & Dale Robertson Handling editor: David Hamilton Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction Review of catchment modelling in NZ * e.g. BNZ, CREAMS, GLEAMS * Recent big catchment modelling projects (e.g. Tauranga Harbour, South-Eastern Manukau Harbour) Assumptions * Broad assumptions of all catchment models (eg. Semi-distributed, etc.) * GIS layers that are generally used (soils, landuse, slopes, climate) What models can be used for * Identify hotspots, climate change, soil erodibility...) * Types of landuses and what we expect from the various landuses * Review of Tools (eg. CLUES and OVERSEER) Stakeholder organisations and role Modelling for management purposes Limitation of models * groundwater, spatial variability, assumptions Future Prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * Richard Alexander (TBC) * Other (TBC) Chapter 3: In-lake modelling for restoration - David Hamilton, John Quinn, Chris McBride Handling editor: Clive Howard-Williams Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction * What do we mean by modelling? * Brief introduction to types of models available (deterministic, Bayesian, neural networks) * How do we use models for management purposes? * Focus mostly on deterministic models in this chapter Types of models * Deterministic * Bayesian * Neural networks Data requirements (primarily oriented to deterministic models) * Climate data * Hydrological data * In-lake data (inc. satellite data) * Opportunities enabled by high-frequency sensors * Techniques to generate missing data (models, interpolation etc.) Case studies * Lake Benmore * Lake Rotorua (1-D long-term) * Lake Okaro (limiting nutrients) * Bayesian models for Waikato floodplain lakes Future Prospects * Real-time simulation * National-scale modelling of lakes * Automated data inputs and validation (e.g. with satellite) * Global communities and open source tools (GLEON) Proposed international feature box contributors: * Dennis Trolle - Mechanistic lake modelling approaches in Europe * Barbara Robson - Use of models as decision support tools for lake management C. WATER QUALITY RESTORATION Chapter 4: Catchment restoration - Richard McDowall, Murray Close, Chris Tanner - Handling editor: David Hamilton Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Land management (inputs) and outputs at the land-water interface Overland and sub-surface flow losses In-stream and wetland processes Groundwater flow paths and attenuation Future Prospects (including some words around cost and optimisation: e.g. CSAs) Proposed international feature box contributors: * 4.1 Jason Julian & deBruers - Assessing land cover changes with high spatio-temporal resolution to assist with catchment restoration * Mark Tomer - Reducing agricultural inputs of nutrients and sediments to freshwater systems Chapter 5: Destratification and mixing - Max Gibbs Handling editor: Clive Howard-Williams Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction - Stratification, Thermal Density Destratification * Mixing Concepts- lake size and shape matters * Mechanisms - mechanical, aeration, selective draw, flushing proactive, multiple mixing engines * Timing - Monitoring for start of mixing, consequences of getting it wrong Case studies * Upper Huia dam (Selective draw) * Auckland water supply reservoirs (aeration timing) * Opua Reservoir with and with deep mixing * Virginia Lake (Surface mixing) * Lake Rotoehu trials Future Prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * Geoff Schladow - Destratification design, implementation and practice * Other TBC Chapter 6: Flocculent and sediment capping for phosphorus management - Chris W. Hickey and Max M. Gibbs Handling editor: John Quinn Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction * Conceptual basis for flocculation and sediment capping for P-management (incl definition of terms) * Overview of agents used for flocking (natural and synthetic) * Overview of agents for sediment capping (advantages and disadvantages?) Chemical principals for floccing and P-binding * Flocculents * Basis for use of Fe, Al, La, calcite for capping - summary table for issues * pH effects on adsorption efficiency - summary plot for Al and La salts * Add to background for sediments * Formulation of products * Sustainability of process Water chemistry influences on efficacy * incl need for buffering because of low alkalinity of NZ waters * Stoichiometry and dosing Practical application issues * Determine level of treatment required * What product suits? * Target area for application * Timing of application * Areal (surface), sub-surface, inflow dosing * Product formulation Overseas applications * Cooke et al. (2005) * Recent capping (Danish lakes, Netherlands) * "Floc & lock" approach * Spears et al. capping review New Zealand applications * Capping (Okareka, Okawa Bay, Okaro) * Floccing ( Lake Rotorua inflows) Other issues * Non-target species effects (incl. toxicity considerations) * Lake processes (e.g., effects on nitrogen) * Regulatory Future prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * Bryan Spears - Dealing with legacy phosphorus * Gang Pan - Novel, benign technologies for treating lake sediments Chapter 7: Nutrient budgets in lake restoration - Piet Verburg, Marc Schallenberg, Sandy Elliott Handling editor: John Quinn Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Sources and fates of nutrients in lakes Fates of nutrients in lakes Internal nutrient loading Internal nutrient loading Flipping lakes Dissolved P accumulation in hypolimnia Nutrient concentrations in lake water Nutrients contained in fish biomass Nutrients contained in macrophytes Proportion of nutrients contained in macrophytes and potential for removal by harvesting. Future prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * Jack Jones - In-lake nutrient retention * Dale Robertson (TBC) D. BIODIVERSITY RESTORATION Chapter 8: Control of invasive aquatic plants - Deb Hofstra, de Winton, Champion, Clayton Handling editor: Clive Howard-Williams Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction Tools * Control of Weeds & Restoration (restoring functionality &/or indigenous values) * Monitoring/Surveillance (methods & indicators) Case studies * Wanaka - Objectives: Eradication> Minimum biomass>Containment>Nuisance control * Lake Rotoroa (Hamilton) - selective target weed control; escort on Iris Lake Rotoroa * Te Waihora - de-vegetation; Habitat manipulation (wave barriers); seed bank propagation * Didymo (cf water net) - Entry to NZ, spread, prediction models, research, rivers & lakes, NI vs SI, limited P-habitat, lessons learnt. * Hornwort & other * Northland lakes - prioritisation, surveillance, incursion response and eradication progress. * Cages for native plants - exclude grass carp (Elands, Omapere Isoetes) Future Propsects * New incursions, control tools, economic & social pressures etc * Expanding FW habitats & connections, recreational economic use * Rate of spread * Apathy - return of sleeping giants - e.g. w/hyacinth (seed banks!) * Globalisation = new species (submerged, floating & marginal); New pathways; sabotage * Detection - DNA not like fish! * Chemophobic pressure (EPA reassessment) * Role of education & research * Biocontrol - challenges, successes & failures * Integrated control & Future expansion of the toolbox? Proposed international feature box contributors: * John Madson (TBC) * Brian Sorell * 8.1 Jo Caffery - Control of Lagarosiphon major in Lough Corrib, Ireland, and Biodiversity Restoration Chapter 9: Control of invasive aquatic animals - Ian Duggan & Kevin Collier Handling editor: David Hamilton Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Inventories and distributions * Zooplankton and other microinvertebrates * Macroinvertebrates * Fish and Amphibians Food-web implications * Field Observations * Manipulative experiments - e.g., Karori Review of control techniques * Specific methods for removal and control of fauna Case studies * Lake Serpentine * Lake Ohinewai Future Prospects * Species entrained in vectors, not yet known established (e.g., aquarium trade species) * Future technologies for controlling animals * Global warming * Future invasion risks Proposed international feature box contributors: * 9.1 Hugh McIsaac - * 9.2 Chris Wisniewski - Carp eradication in Lakes Crescent and Sorrell * 9.3 R Claramont - Managing invasive fish in the Laurentian Great Lakes; "Darwin's Dreampond" or Nightmare? Chapter 10: Restoring native fish communities - David Rowe, J Boubee, D West, B Hicks - Handling editor: Kevin Collier Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Manipulating connectivity * Overcoming barriers to migration * Creating barriers to restore natives through preventing recolonization by salmonids Habitat improvement * Protection of smelt spawning habitat in Taupo * Improvement of water quality in Lake Rotoiti has improved trout habitat and is increasing smelt abundance * Removal of macrophytes in Lake Waingata increased dwarf inanga Control of invasive species * Perch reduction increased common bullies in Taieri lakes (Gerry Closs) * Perch reduction in Karori Reservoir (Wgtn) and Lake Wainamu (Auck) will restore native fish * Trout removal increased recruitment of dwarf inanga in Lake Waikere Stocking * Historic Maori stocking * Dwarf inanga stocked into Lake Ototoa * Elvers stocked into reservoirs and ponds by eel fishers * Smelt and bullies restocked into Parkinson lake after rotenone removal of all fish Monitoring the success of fish restoration measures in lakes * Electric fishing boat use (Brendan Hicks) * Monitoring migrations in inlet/outlet streams * Acoustic methods Future prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * 10.1 Martin Sondergaard - Experience from Danish lake restorations * Eric Jeppesen - Aquatic food webs * John Magnuson - Fisheries restoration - a North American perspective E. MONITORING AND INDICATORS Chapter 11: Indicators of ecological integrity - Marc Schallenberg, Mary de Winton, Dave Kelly Handling editor: John Quinn Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Ecological integrity (EI) in the context of indicators of freshwater quality and "health" ("hard" vs normative indicators) Comparison of definitions of EI A NZ definition of lake EI (i.e. values) and a framework for its implementation Reference condition and other EI restoration endpoints Key indicators of Lake EI Suggested EI guidelines for deep lakes, shallow lakes and brackish lakes Special considerations relevant to lake restoration The place of EI in current lake management policy Future prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * 11.1 Jonathan Abell - Techniques to derive reference conditions in lakes * 11.2 Sandra Poikane - Assessing ecological conditions of lakes across Europe - Chapter 12: Biodiversity Genomics: Monitoring Restoration Efforts with Environmental DNA - Ian Hogg, Jonathan Banks Handling editor: Kevin Collier Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction * Outline problem * Morphological identifications * Benefits to streamlining/simplifying process Genetic characterisation of lake inhabitants * The process and the need to build an adequate library * Genetic markers - COI, 28S * What is meant by environmental DNA? * Examples of work in NZ Community-level analyses Assessing invertebrate communities using DNA analyses * Zoo case study Assessing lake trophic status using DNA from rotifers * Trophic Level Index Assessing the presence of fish using environmental DNA * Brown trout and in Karori * Koi carp work elsewhere Future prospects * Changing technology * Emerging platforms Proposed international feature box contributors: * 12.1 Chris Jerde - Environmental DNA applications in the Laurentian Great Lakes: From targeted species surveillance to biodiversity monitoring * Dianne Gleeson - Sensitivity of DNA based detection for aquatic restoration applications Chapter 13: Remote monitoring techniques - Chris McBride, Mat Allan, David Hamilton Handling editor: Clive Howard-Williams Abstract (^east 5 keywords) High frequency monitoring * Sensors (WQ & meteorology): Commercial, open source * Integrated systems: e.g. fixed buoys, profiler buoys * Telemetry: types of telemetry, web interfaces. * 'Big data': Processing techniques, open source software. * Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) Remote sensing * Remote sensing theory * Atmospheric correction * Algorithms: inferring WQ from spectral images * Medium resolution satellite applications * High-resolution satellite applications Future prospects * Low cost/open source hardware and software * Miniaturisation * Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) * Wireless sensors and mesh networks * Data mining Proposed international feature box contributors: * Paul Hanson - Engaging the science community in lake monitoring with sensors * 13.2 Michio Kumagi - Remote Sensing Techniques for Lake Assessments - the Lake Biwa example F. SOCIAL, CULTURAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC CONTEXT Chapter 14: Indigenous values and management - Erica Williams, Erina Watene-Rawiri, Ian Kusabs Handling editor: John Quinn Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction * Drivers for the recognition of indigenous values in NZ lake restoration and management * Treaty Settlements, * NZ cultural landscape, rights and interests of Maori in relation to lakes Maori values, uses and practises associated with lakes * Kaitiakitanga * Taniwha, kai species, recreation, rongoa, birds, waka, geothermal resources, spiritual, tapu/rituals, pepeha, islands, sense of place and identity, intergenerational interactions Examples of how lakes and lake fisheries aspects are covered in Treaty Settlements, legislation, implementation * Liberation of beneficial species to lakes. * "Lakes" importance in whanau/hapu/iwi/Maori economy Pressures * Degradation and loss of Maori values associated with pressures on lakes * Loss of access/ecological connectivity/habitat, contamination/discharges, nutrients, wastewater * The view of some Maori that hydro lakes do not replace the original river * Contaminants - sediment, sewage and legacy issues? * Introduced pest species - aquatic weeds and fish etc. * Co-benefits? Examples of "new" (artificial) lakes / man-made Maori aspirations for lake restoration & management * As expressed in Treaty evidence, Iwi Plans, statutory planning documents * Examples of Maori/Iwi-led and collaborative/statutory-led management * Maori-owned / Maori-co-managed lakes Restoration * Restoration techniques for enhancement of Maori values associated with lakes * Applied examples - "Maori in action" Lessons learned * Key messages for international indigenous communities * Key challenges ahead * Towards a cultural index for lakes Future prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * Vanessa Copa Torrez - (TBC) * 14.2 Jinwon Seo - Protecting and restoring Indian fisheries Chapter 15: Implementing lake restoration - Andy Bruere, Warwick Silvester, Andy Woolhouse Handling editor: David Hamilton Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction: Developing a plan of action Lake/catchment history - defining the problem * What do we know, Outlining the problem, Understanding lake and catchment history, What is the need for action?, Evidence from surrounding lakes, Community expectations, Legal requirements, Identify success and convert to targets (sustainable load), Identify sources of nutrient inputs Community awareness, interest and buy-in Implementation leadership and roles in restoration * Community and community groups role, Government/statutory agencies and their role, Specific pressure groups wrt Lake WQ, Catchment and Lake stakeholders Options for development of the Plan for Action - What do we already know and understand and how do we fill the knowledge gaps? * Clarifying what we know and what we don't know, Technical support, Identifying knowledge gaps, Identify and evaluating options, Add up expected gains from selected options, What is the cost/who bears?, Recognise nutrient reductions may have different values, Agree action plan with community and stakeholders Implementing the Plan for Action - The Plan for Action must have clear Goals, Actions and Responsibilities * Goals, Actions and priorities, Responsibilities, Monitoring progress, Review of implementation, Review Plan for Action with community and stakeholders Legislation and legal matters - How does the legislation affect restoration efforts? * The RMA, NPSFW, LGA Future prospects Proposed feature box contributors: * Suzie Kerr (TBC) * Ned Norton (TBC) Chapter 16: Linking citizen science with community environmental restoration: empowering/engaging volunteers to measure lake ecosystem health - Monica Peters, David Hamilton, Chris Eames Handling editor: Kevin Collier Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction * Brief summary of FW lakes and their decline in health * FW policy and management * Outline of key contrasts to US - reference to Feature Boxes What is Citizen Science? * Summary of concept, activities, outcomes * Citsci directions in NZ Community group engagement in lake and catchment restoration * Short para on study from where data in chapter are derived from * Characteristics of groups * Summary of key lake, margin and catchment activities * Development of toolkits and their use following MfE EPI program in mid-90s * Challenges around toolkit use * Opportunities around tech; groups' interest in using more technology * Data quality Framework for developing and supporting a community environmental monitoring program Future prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * Kathie Weathers - Lake Sunapee Protective Association * 16.2 Mark Hoyer - Lakewatch program a successful long-term community monitoring program G. CONCLUSION Chapter 17: Lake restoration - the future - Clive Howard-Williams, David Hamilton, John Quinn, Kevin Collier Proposed feature box contributors: * Vera Power - The policy and regulatory context for restoration
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Lake Restoration Handbook: A New Zealand Perspective Editors David Hamilton Kevin Collier Clive Howard-Williams John Quinn Preface Bill Vant - changes since the Lake Manager's Handbook A. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: Context for restoration - David Hamilton, John Quinn, Clive Howard-Williams, Kevin Collier Handling editor: Kevin Collier Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introductory comments * Defining what we mean by restoration, values * Managing for multiple uses (and lakes vs reservoirs) * Context: 1987 LMH and what has changed since? Need for restoration. * Who carries out restoration? Who funds restoration? * What is the enabling environment? Include models of governance (e.g. co-governance) * Brief introduction to the policy and regulatory environment (and end with something specific to NZ - MfE, RCs, DCs, NGOs) International perspectives * Major issues globally (blooms, weeds, hydrology/storage and climate change, invasives, legacy nutrients) * Examples of international policies, e.g. WFD, TMDL * Approaches taken (align with issues), include catchment vs in-lake * Monitoring approaches to measure success * Involving citizens Introduction to chapters * Issues (eutrophication, invasives, multiple uses and objectives, policy and regulatory environment); use of models as decision support tools; dealing with the catchment (long-term essential approach); specific in-lake approaches. Sum up * Set the scene for the concluding chapter of the book. Proposed international feature box contributors: * 1.1 Brian Moss - The philosophy of restoration * Justin Brooks - An Australian perspective: policies and practices enabling lake restoration B.< MANAGEMENT AND MODELLING Chapter 2: Modelling for catchment management - Aroon Parshotam & Dale Robertson Handling editor: David Hamilton Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction Review of catchment modelling in NZ * e.g. BNZ, CREAMS, GLEAMS * Recent big catchment modelling projects (e.g. Tauranga Harbour, South-Eastern Manukau Harbour) Assumptions * Broad assumptions of all catchment models (eg. Semi-distributed, etc.) * GIS layers that are generally used (soils, landuse, slopes, climate) What models can be used for * Identify hotspots, climate change, soil erodibility...) * Types of landuses and what we expect from the various landuses * Review of Tools (eg. CLUES and OVERSEER) Stakeholder organisations and role Modelling for management purposes Limitation of models * groundwater, spatial variability, assumptions Future Prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * Richard Alexander (TBC) * Other (TBC) Chapter 3: In-lake modelling for restoration - David Hamilton, John Quinn, Chris McBride Handling editor: Clive Howard-Williams Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction * What do we mean by modelling? * Brief introduction to types of models available (deterministic, Bayesian, neural networks) * How do we use models for management purposes? * Focus mostly on deterministic models in this chapter Types of models * Deterministic * Bayesian * Neural networks Data requirements (primarily oriented to deterministic models) * Climate data * Hydrological data * In-lake data (inc. satellite data) * Opportunities enabled by high-frequency sensors * Techniques to generate missing data (models, interpolation etc.) Case studies * Lake Benmore * Lake Rotorua (1-D long-term) * Lake Okaro (limiting nutrients) * Bayesian models for Waikato floodplain lakes Future Prospects * Real-time simulation * National-scale modelling of lakes * Automated data inputs and validation (e.g. with satellite) * Global communities and open source tools (GLEON) Proposed international feature box contributors: * Dennis Trolle - Mechanistic lake modelling approaches in Europe * Barbara Robson - Use of models as decision support tools for lake management C. WATER QUALITY RESTORATION Chapter 4: Catchment restoration - Richard McDowall, Murray Close, Chris Tanner - Handling editor: David Hamilton Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Land management (inputs) and outputs at the land-water interface Overland and sub-surface flow losses In-stream and wetland processes Groundwater flow paths and attenuation Future Prospects (including some words around cost and optimisation: e.g. CSAs) Proposed international feature box contributors: * 4.1 Jason Julian & deBruers - Assessing land cover changes with high spatio-temporal resolution to assist with catchment restoration * Mark Tomer - Reducing agricultural inputs of nutrients and sediments to freshwater systems Chapter 5: Destratification and mixing - Max Gibbs Handling editor: Clive Howard-Williams Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction - Stratification, Thermal Density Destratification * Mixing Concepts- lake size and shape matters * Mechanisms - mechanical, aeration, selective draw, flushing proactive, multiple mixing engines * Timing - Monitoring for start of mixing, consequences of getting it wrong Case studies * Upper Huia dam (Selective draw) * Auckland water supply reservoirs (aeration timing) * Opua Reservoir with and with deep mixing * Virginia Lake (Surface mixing) * Lake Rotoehu trials Future Prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * Geoff Schladow - Destratification design, implementation and practice * Other TBC Chapter 6: Flocculent and sediment capping for phosphorus management - Chris W. Hickey and Max M. Gibbs Handling editor: John Quinn Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction * Conceptual basis for flocculation and sediment capping for P-management (incl definition of terms) * Overview of agents used for flocking (natural and synthetic) * Overview of agents for sediment capping (advantages and disadvantages?) Chemical principals for floccing and P-binding * Flocculents * Basis for use of Fe, Al, La, calcite for capping - summary table for issues * pH effects on adsorption efficiency - summary plot for Al and La salts * Add to background for sediments * Formulation of products * Sustainability of process Water chemistry influences on efficacy * incl need for buffering because of low alkalinity of NZ waters * Stoichiometry and dosing Practical application issues * Determine level of treatment required * What product suits? * Target area for application * Timing of application * Areal (surface), sub-surface, inflow dosing * Product formulation Overseas applications * Cooke et al. (2005) * Recent capping (Danish lakes, Netherlands) * "Floc & lock" approach * Spears et al. capping review New Zealand applications * Capping (Okareka, Okawa Bay, Okaro) * Floccing ( Lake Rotorua inflows) Other issues * Non-target species effects (incl. toxicity considerations) * Lake processes (e.g., effects on nitrogen) * Regulatory Future prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * Bryan Spears - Dealing with legacy phosphorus * Gang Pan - Novel, benign technologies for treating lake sediments Chapter 7: Nutrient budgets in lake restoration - Piet Verburg, Marc Schallenberg, Sandy Elliott Handling editor: John Quinn Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Sources and fates of nutrients in lakes Fates of nutrients in lakes Internal nutrient loading Internal nutrient loading Flipping lakes Dissolved P accumulation in hypolimnia Nutrient concentrations in lake water Nutrients contained in fish biomass Nutrients contained in macrophytes Proportion of nutrients contained in macrophytes and potential for removal by harvesting. Future prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * Jack Jones - In-lake nutrient retention * Dale Robertson (TBC) D. BIODIVERSITY RESTORATION Chapter 8: Control of invasive aquatic plants - Deb Hofstra, de Winton, Champion, Clayton Handling editor: Clive Howard-Williams Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction Tools * Control of Weeds & Restoration (restoring functionality &/or indigenous values) * Monitoring/Surveillance (methods & indicators) Case studies * Wanaka - Objectives: Eradication> Minimum biomass>Containment>Nuisance control * Lake Rotoroa (Hamilton) - selective target weed control; escort on Iris Lake Rotoroa * Te Waihora - de-vegetation; Habitat manipulation (wave barriers); seed bank propagation * Didymo (cf water net) - Entry to NZ, spread, prediction models, research, rivers & lakes, NI vs SI, limited P-habitat, lessons learnt. * Hornwort & other * Northland lakes - prioritisation, surveillance, incursion response and eradication progress. * Cages for native plants - exclude grass carp (Elands, Omapere Isoetes) Future Propsects * New incursions, control tools, economic & social pressures etc * Expanding FW habitats & connections, recreational economic use * Rate of spread * Apathy - return of sleeping giants - e.g. w/hyacinth (seed banks!) * Globalisation = new species (submerged, floating & marginal); New pathways; sabotage * Detection - DNA not like fish! * Chemophobic pressure (EPA reassessment) * Role of education & research * Biocontrol - challenges, successes & failures * Integrated control & Future expansion of the toolbox? Proposed international feature box contributors: * John Madson (TBC) * Brian Sorell * 8.1 Jo Caffery - Control of Lagarosiphon major in Lough Corrib, Ireland, and Biodiversity Restoration Chapter 9: Control of invasive aquatic animals - Ian Duggan & Kevin Collier Handling editor: David Hamilton Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Inventories and distributions * Zooplankton and other microinvertebrates * Macroinvertebrates * Fish and Amphibians Food-web implications * Field Observations * Manipulative experiments - e.g., Karori Review of control techniques * Specific methods for removal and control of fauna Case studies * Lake Serpentine * Lake Ohinewai Future Prospects * Species entrained in vectors, not yet known established (e.g., aquarium trade species) * Future technologies for controlling animals * Global warming * Future invasion risks Proposed international feature box contributors: * 9.1 Hugh McIsaac - * 9.2 Chris Wisniewski - Carp eradication in Lakes Crescent and Sorrell * 9.3 R Claramont - Managing invasive fish in the Laurentian Great Lakes; "Darwin's Dreampond" or Nightmare? Chapter 10: Restoring native fish communities - David Rowe, J Boubee, D West, B Hicks - Handling editor: Kevin Collier Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Manipulating connectivity * Overcoming barriers to migration * Creating barriers to restore natives through preventing recolonization by salmonids Habitat improvement * Protection of smelt spawning habitat in Taupo * Improvement of water quality in Lake Rotoiti has improved trout habitat and is increasing smelt abundance * Removal of macrophytes in Lake Waingata increased dwarf inanga Control of invasive species * Perch reduction increased common bullies in Taieri lakes (Gerry Closs) * Perch reduction in Karori Reservoir (Wgtn) and Lake Wainamu (Auck) will restore native fish * Trout removal increased recruitment of dwarf inanga in Lake Waikere Stocking * Historic Maori stocking * Dwarf inanga stocked into Lake Ototoa * Elvers stocked into reservoirs and ponds by eel fishers * Smelt and bullies restocked into Parkinson lake after rotenone removal of all fish Monitoring the success of fish restoration measures in lakes * Electric fishing boat use (Brendan Hicks) * Monitoring migrations in inlet/outlet streams * Acoustic methods Future prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * 10.1 Martin Sondergaard - Experience from Danish lake restorations * Eric Jeppesen - Aquatic food webs * John Magnuson - Fisheries restoration - a North American perspective E. MONITORING AND INDICATORS Chapter 11: Indicators of ecological integrity - Marc Schallenberg, Mary de Winton, Dave Kelly Handling editor: John Quinn Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Ecological integrity (EI) in the context of indicators of freshwater quality and "health" ("hard" vs normative indicators) Comparison of definitions of EI A NZ definition of lake EI (i.e. values) and a framework for its implementation Reference condition and other EI restoration endpoints Key indicators of Lake EI Suggested EI guidelines for deep lakes, shallow lakes and brackish lakes Special considerations relevant to lake restoration The place of EI in current lake management policy Future prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * 11.1 Jonathan Abell - Techniques to derive reference conditions in lakes * 11.2 Sandra Poikane - Assessing ecological conditions of lakes across Europe - Chapter 12: Biodiversity Genomics: Monitoring Restoration Efforts with Environmental DNA - Ian Hogg, Jonathan Banks Handling editor: Kevin Collier Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction * Outline problem * Morphological identifications * Benefits to streamlining/simplifying process Genetic characterisation of lake inhabitants * The process and the need to build an adequate library * Genetic markers - COI, 28S * What is meant by environmental DNA? * Examples of work in NZ Community-level analyses Assessing invertebrate communities using DNA analyses * Zoo case study Assessing lake trophic status using DNA from rotifers * Trophic Level Index Assessing the presence of fish using environmental DNA * Brown trout and in Karori * Koi carp work elsewhere Future prospects * Changing technology * Emerging platforms Proposed international feature box contributors: * 12.1 Chris Jerde - Environmental DNA applications in the Laurentian Great Lakes: From targeted species surveillance to biodiversity monitoring * Dianne Gleeson - Sensitivity of DNA based detection for aquatic restoration applications Chapter 13: Remote monitoring techniques - Chris McBride, Mat Allan, David Hamilton Handling editor: Clive Howard-Williams Abstract (^east 5 keywords) High frequency monitoring * Sensors (WQ & meteorology): Commercial, open source * Integrated systems: e.g. fixed buoys, profiler buoys * Telemetry: types of telemetry, web interfaces. * 'Big data': Processing techniques, open source software. * Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) Remote sensing * Remote sensing theory * Atmospheric correction * Algorithms: inferring WQ from spectral images * Medium resolution satellite applications * High-resolution satellite applications Future prospects * Low cost/open source hardware and software * Miniaturisation * Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) * Wireless sensors and mesh networks * Data mining Proposed international feature box contributors: * Paul Hanson - Engaging the science community in lake monitoring with sensors * 13.2 Michio Kumagi - Remote Sensing Techniques for Lake Assessments - the Lake Biwa example F. SOCIAL, CULTURAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC CONTEXT Chapter 14: Indigenous values and management - Erica Williams, Erina Watene-Rawiri, Ian Kusabs Handling editor: John Quinn Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction * Drivers for the recognition of indigenous values in NZ lake restoration and management * Treaty Settlements, * NZ cultural landscape, rights and interests of Maori in relation to lakes Maori values, uses and practises associated with lakes * Kaitiakitanga * Taniwha, kai species, recreation, rongoa, birds, waka, geothermal resources, spiritual, tapu/rituals, pepeha, islands, sense of place and identity, intergenerational interactions Examples of how lakes and lake fisheries aspects are covered in Treaty Settlements, legislation, implementation * Liberation of beneficial species to lakes. * "Lakes" importance in whanau/hapu/iwi/Maori economy Pressures * Degradation and loss of Maori values associated with pressures on lakes * Loss of access/ecological connectivity/habitat, contamination/discharges, nutrients, wastewater * The view of some Maori that hydro lakes do not replace the original river * Contaminants - sediment, sewage and legacy issues? * Introduced pest species - aquatic weeds and fish etc. * Co-benefits? Examples of "new" (artificial) lakes / man-made Maori aspirations for lake restoration & management * As expressed in Treaty evidence, Iwi Plans, statutory planning documents * Examples of Maori/Iwi-led and collaborative/statutory-led management * Maori-owned / Maori-co-managed lakes Restoration * Restoration techniques for enhancement of Maori values associated with lakes * Applied examples - "Maori in action" Lessons learned * Key messages for international indigenous communities * Key challenges ahead * Towards a cultural index for lakes Future prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * Vanessa Copa Torrez - (TBC) * 14.2 Jinwon Seo - Protecting and restoring Indian fisheries Chapter 15: Implementing lake restoration - Andy Bruere, Warwick Silvester, Andy Woolhouse Handling editor: David Hamilton Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction: Developing a plan of action Lake/catchment history - defining the problem * What do we know, Outlining the problem, Understanding lake and catchment history, What is the need for action?, Evidence from surrounding lakes, Community expectations, Legal requirements, Identify success and convert to targets (sustainable load), Identify sources of nutrient inputs Community awareness, interest and buy-in Implementation leadership and roles in restoration * Community and community groups role, Government/statutory agencies and their role, Specific pressure groups wrt Lake WQ, Catchment and Lake stakeholders Options for development of the Plan for Action - What do we already know and understand and how do we fill the knowledge gaps? * Clarifying what we know and what we don't know, Technical support, Identifying knowledge gaps, Identify and evaluating options, Add up expected gains from selected options, What is the cost/who bears?, Recognise nutrient reductions may have different values, Agree action plan with community and stakeholders Implementing the Plan for Action - The Plan for Action must have clear Goals, Actions and Responsibilities * Goals, Actions and priorities, Responsibilities, Monitoring progress, Review of implementation, Review Plan for Action with community and stakeholders Legislation and legal matters - How does the legislation affect restoration efforts? * The RMA, NPSFW, LGA Future prospects Proposed feature box contributors: * Suzie Kerr (TBC) * Ned Norton (TBC) Chapter 16: Linking citizen science with community environmental restoration: empowering/engaging volunteers to measure lake ecosystem health - Monica Peters, David Hamilton, Chris Eames Handling editor: Kevin Collier Abstract (<200 words and be followed by at least 5 keywords) Introduction * Brief summary of FW lakes and their decline in health * FW policy and management * Outline of key contrasts to US - reference to Feature Boxes What is Citizen Science? * Summary of concept, activities, outcomes * Citsci directions in NZ Community group engagement in lake and catchment restoration * Short para on study from where data in chapter are derived from * Characteristics of groups * Summary of key lake, margin and catchment activities * Development of toolkits and their use following MfE EPI program in mid-90s * Challenges around toolkit use * Opportunities around tech; groups' interest in using more technology * Data quality Framework for developing and supporting a community environmental monitoring program Future prospects Proposed international feature box contributors: * Kathie Weathers - Lake Sunapee Protective Association * 16.2 Mark Hoyer - Lakewatch program a successful long-term community monitoring program G. CONCLUSION Chapter 17: Lake restoration - the future - Clive Howard-Williams, David Hamilton, John Quinn, Kevin Collier Proposed feature box contributors: * Vera Power - The policy and regulatory context for restoration
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